Optical cable

Fiber optic cable (or optical cable) is a type of cable consisting of one or more optical fibers used for transmitting data in the form of light pulses.

The main components of fiber optic cable are:

1. Optical Fiber: The central element of the cable, made of extremely pure glass or plastic, which transmits light signals.
2. Buffer Layer: A protective layer around the optical fiber that shields it from mechanical damage and environmental influences.
3. Armor: An optional additional protective layer, which may be made of metal or other strong materials, to provide additional strength and protection from external influences.
4. Outer Sheath: A polymer material covering the cable, ensuring its integrity and protection from external factors such as moisture, chemicals and mechanical damage.

Classification of optical cables:

1. By Fiber Type:

• Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) has one fiber with a diameter of approximately 8-10 microns, a buffer layer, armor, and outer sheath. It features high bandwidth, optimal for long-distance data transmission, and low signal loss, allowing data transmission up to 100 km without the need for retransmission.
• Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF), based on multiple fibers with diameters of 50-62.5 microns, a buffer layer, armor, and outer sheath. This cable is designed for short-distance data transmission (up to 2 km) but can handle large data volumes. It is widely used in local area networks (LAN), building internal networks and computer connections to network equipment.

1. By Construction:

• Armored optical cables have a structure that includes one or more fibers, a buffer layer, a metal outer shell, or protective braid, and an outer sheath.
• Gel-filled cables consist of one or more fibers, a buffer layer, water-blocking gel, an additional protective layer and an outer sheath.
• Internal optical cables have a lighter construction, usually without additional armor.

1. By Installation Method:

• Aerial optical cables usually have additional armor for increased strength and are used for installation on poles and in aerial networks.
• Underground optical cables have reinforced sheaths and sometimes water-blocking gel. They are designed for installation in cable ducts, trenche and collectors.
• Submarine optical cables have a multi-layer protective structure, including water-blocking layers and armor. They are used for underwater installation in marine and river environments.
• Optical cables for building installation (indoor cables) have a lightweight construction, usually without additional armor, a buffer layer and an outer sheath. They are designed for installation inside buildings, in walls, floors, telecommunication cabinets, for connecting devices, and providing internal networks.

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